Surface deterioration caused by construction defects, material defects and environmental factors. Generally scaling is exhibited by delamination or disintegration of the slab surface to the depth of the defect. Construction defects include: over-finishing, addition of water to the pavement surface during finishing, lack of curing, attempted surface repairs of fresh concrete with mortar. Generally this occurs over a portion of a slab. Material defects include: inadequate air entrainment for the climate. Generally this occurs over several slabs that were affected by the concrete batches. Environmental factors: freezing of concrete before adequate strength gained or thermal cycles from certain aircraft, generally over a large area for freezing, and isolated areas for thermal effects. Typically, the FOD from scaling is removed by sweeping, but the concrete will continue to scale until the affected depth is removed or expended.